Prediktory porušovania noriem v správaní orientovanom na cieľ

Radka Čopková
Noémi Matyiová
Michal Bartko

Abstrakt

Hlavným cieľom prezentovanej štúdie je identifikácia signifikantných prediktorov neetického správania uskutočneného za účelom dosiahnutia cieľa. Na výskume participovalo 165 vysokoškolských študentov vo veku 18 až 26 rokov (Mvek=21,7; SD=1,78). Skúmané premenné boli zachytávané prostredníctvom batérie vytvorenej zo šestnástich škál dimenzií cieľov, škály injunktívneho normatívneho presvedčenia, deskriptívneho normatívneho presvedčenia (Lovaš, 1998), zámeru porušiť normu (Čopková, Lovaš, 2016; Čopková, Matyiová, 2016) a dotazníka Osobná dôležitosť morálnej identity (Aquino, Reed, 2003). Exploračnou faktorovou analýzou boli identifikované tri hlavné faktory dimenzií cieľa: záväzok dosiahnuť cieľ, kríza v dosahovaní cieľa a zmysluplnosť cieľa. Následne boli dáta podrobené regresnej analýze, ktorá naznačuje, že významnými prediktormi sformovania zámeru porušiť normu za účelom dosiahnutia cieľa sú faktory záväzok dosiahnuť cieľ, kríza v dosahovaní cieľa, injunktívna a deskriptívna norma a taktiež osobná dôležitosť morálnej identity, ktoré vysvetľujú 50,2 % variability skúmanej premennej.

Klíčová slova

dimenze cílů, normativní přesvědčení, morální identita, záměr porušit normu

Literatura

Aarts, H., & Elliot, A. (Eds.) (2012). Goal-Directed Behavior. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Aquino, K. F., & Reed, A. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1423–1440.

Aquino, K. F., Reed, A., Thau, S., & Freeman, D. (2007). A grotesque and dark beauty: How moral identity and mechanism of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 385–392.

Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin. 120(3), 338–375.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. London: Macmillan.

Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 87–99.

Barsky, A. (2008). Understanding the ethical cost of organizational goal-setting: A review and theory development. Journal Business Ethics, 81, 63–81.

Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology. 680–740. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the self’s executive function. Self & Identity, 1, 2, 129–136.

Blasi, A. (1983). Moral development and moral action: A theoretical perspective. Developmental Review, 3, 178–210.

Blasi, A. (2004). Moral functioning: moral understanding and personality. In D. K. Lapsley, & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral development, self and identity: Essays in honor of Augusto Blasi. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Brandstätter, V., & Herrmann, M. (2015a). Action crises and goal disengagement: Longitudinal evidence on the predictive validity of a motivational phase in goal striving. Motivation Science, 1(2), 121–136.

Brandstätter, V., & Schüler, J. (2013). Action crisis and cost–benefit thinking: A cognitive analysis of a goal-disengagement phase. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 543–553.

Brunstein, J. C. (1993). Personal goals and subjective well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 1061–1070.

Burkley, E., Anderson, D., Curtis, J., & Burkley, M. (2013). Vicissitudes of goal commitment: Satisfaction, investments, and alternatives. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 663–668.

Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2005). Engagement, disengagement, coping, and catastrophe. In A. J. Elliot, & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation. 527–547. New York: Guilford.

Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (1990). Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. Vol. 2. Foundations of social behaviour. 3–52). New York: Guilford Press.

Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015–1026.

Constantin, T., Holman, A., & Hojbotă, M. A. (2012). Development and validation of a Motivational Persistence Scale. Psihologija, 45(2), 99–120.

Čopková R., & Lovaš, L. (2016). Normative beliefs related to norm-violating behavior in the context of goal attainment. In Motivation and Social Perception: Conference, Gdańsk, 19. – 21. 7. 2016. Gdańsk: Uniwersytet Gdański. 38.

Čopková, R., Matyiová, N. (2016). Narcistická sebaregulácia v na cieľ orientovanom správaní. Prohuman, 8, 7, 1–9.

Davis, W. E., Kelley, N. J., Kim, J., Tang, D., & Hicks, J. A. (2015). Motivating the academic mind: High-level construal of academic goals enhances goal meaningfulness, motivation, and self-concordance. Motivation and Emotion, 40(2),1–10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" What" and" Why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry,11(4), 227–268.

DeShon, R. P., & Gillespie, J. Z. (2005). A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1096–1127.

Emmons, R. A. (1989). The personal striving approach to personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology. 87–126. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

Fishbach, A., & Ferguson, M. J. (2007). The goal construct in social psychology. In A. W. Kruglanski & T. E. Higgins (Eds.), Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. New York: The Guilford Press.

Forward, S. E. (2009). The theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive norms and past behaviour in the prediction of drivers’ intentions to violate. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(3), 198–207.

Gilliland, S. W., & Landis, R. S. (1992). Quality and quantity goals in a complex decision task: Strategies and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 672–681.

Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (1998). The emergence and implementation of health goals. Psychology and Health, 13(4), 687–715.

Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Hanish, L. (1995). The role of normative beliefs in children’s social behavior. In N. Eisenberg (ed.), Social Development. 140–158. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Identity as a source of moral motivation. Human Development. 45, 232–256.

Herrmann, M., & Brandstätter, V. (2013). Overcoming action crises in personal goals–longitudinal evidence on a mediating mechanism between action orientation and wellbeing. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 881–893.

Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.

Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14(1), 13–24.

Cheryan, S., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: the psychological hazards of model minority status. Psychological Science, 11, 399–402.

Khan, U. & Dhar, R. (2006). Licensing effect in consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 63, 259–266.

Larrick, R. P., Heath, C., & Wu, G. (2009). Goal-induced risk taking in negotiation and decision making. Social Cognition, 27(3), 324–364.

Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self and identity. New York: The Guilford Press.

Little, B. R. (1989). Personal projects analysis: trivial pursuits, magnificent obsessions, and the search for coherence. In D. M. Buss, & N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality Psychology. 15–31. NY: Springer.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory: Current directions. Psychological Science, 15(5), 265–268.

Louro, M. J., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2007). Dynamics of multiple-goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(2), 174–193.

Lovaš, L. (1998b). K otázke typov sociálnych noriem: sociálne normy a implicitné teórie sociálnych noriem (náčrt prístupu). In Perspektívy výskumu sociálnych noriem [CD]. Košice: SVÚ SAV. 13–17.

Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106(1), 3–19.

Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 33–43.

Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2000). The ‚Relative Self‘: informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 23–38.

Nelissen, R., De Vet, E., & Zeelenberg, M. (2011). Anticipated emotions and effort allocation in weight goal striving. British Journal of Health Psychology,16(1), 201–212.

Ordóñez, L. D., & Welsh, D. T. (2015). Immoral goals: How goal setting may lead to unethical behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 93–96.

Ordóñez, L., Schweitzer, M., Galinsky, A., Bazerman, M. (2009). Goals gone wild: The systematic side effects of overprescribing goal setting. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23, 6–16.

Owens, T. J., Robinson, D. T., & Smith-Lovin, L. (2010). Three faces of identity. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 477–499.

Pomaki, G., Maes, S., & Ter Doest, L. (2004). Work conditions and employees’ self-set goals: Goal processes enhance prediction of psychological distress and wellbeing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 685–694. Powers, W. T. (1973). Behavior: The Control of Perception. Chicago: Aldine.

Reed I., A., & Aquino, K. F. (2003). Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1270–1286.

Sage, L., Kavussanu, M., & Duda, J. (2006). Goal orientations and moral identity as predictors of prosocial and antisocial functioning in male association football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(5), 455–466.

Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20(4), 523–528.

Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76(3), 482–497.

Schweitzer, M., Ordóñez, L., Douma, B. (2004). Goal setting as a motivator of unethical behavior. Academy Management Journal, 47, 422–432.

Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28(9), 1059–1074.

Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Trevinño L., Weaver G., Reynolds S. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Manage, 32,951–990.

Unsworth, K., Yeo, G., & Beck, J. (2014). Multiple goals: A review and derivation of general principles. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(8), 1064–1078.

Van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., Finkenauer, C., Gündemir, S., & Stamkou, E. (2011). Breaking the rules to rise to power how norm violators gain power in the eyes of others. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(5), 500–507.

Welsh, D., Ordóñez, L. (2014). The dark side of consecutive high performance goals: Linking goal setting, depletion, and unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123, 79–89.

Zobrazit celé Skrýt