Slabí čtenáři v kontextu porozumění čtenému ‒ přehledová studie
Abstrakt
Schopnost dobře číst ovlivňuje další oblasti života, jako je průběh vzdělávání a profesní uplatnění a zasahuje rovněž do osobnostní roviny člověka, včetně jeho sebepojetí. Mnohé aktuální empirické studie tvrdí, že přibližně pětina až čtvrtina žáků má problémy se čtením, respektive s dosaženou úrovní čtenářské gramotnosti. Současně pouze u části těchto dětí je diagnostikována specifická porucha učení či specifická porucha řeči a jazyka, které by jejich obtíže relevantně vysvětlily. V zahraniční odborné literatuře je fenoménu slabého čtenáře věnována adekvátní pozornost, jak v rovině výzkumné, tak i v oblasti tvorby konkrétních didaktických i poradenských programů pro cílenou intervenci. V českém kontextu jde stále o problematiku velmi marginalizovanou. Pojem „slabí čtenáři“ v obecné rovině zpravidla zahrnuje všechny čtenáře, kteří mají potíže s technikou čtení (dekódováním) a/nebo s porozuměním textu. V našem pojetí akcentujeme zejména rovinu porozumění, která se rozvíjí na základě vnitřních dispozic dítěte i environmentálních vlivů. Tato přehledová studie si klade za cíl zmapovat dosavadní stav zkoumaného konceptu, kriticky analyzovat fenomén slabého čtenáře. V terminologickém exkurzu vycházíme z jednoduchého modelu čtení (Gough, Tunmer, 1986), který považujeme v tomto kontextu za inspirativní. Na základě specifikace jednotlivých subskupin ilustrujeme charakteristiky slabých čtenářů, kategorizujeme je a diferencujeme. Komparací relevantních výzkumných šetření a následně i vlastního výzkumného designu chceme posunout současnou percepci slabého čtenáře a navrhnout model screeningu, identifikace a diagnostiky, který by mohl být inspirativní pro školský poradenský systém.
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